utils.c

/*
 * Asterisk -- An open source telephony toolkit.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1999 - 2006, Digium, Inc.
 *
 * See http://www.asterisk.org for more information about
 * the Asterisk project. Please do not directly contact
 * any of the maintainers of this project for assistance;
 * the project provides a web site, mailing lists and IRC
 * channels for your use.
 *
 * This program is free software, distributed under the terms of
 * the GNU General Public License Version 2. See the LICENSE file
 * at the top of the source tree.
 */

/*! \file
 *
 * \brief Utility functions
 *
 * \note These are important for portability and security,
 * so please use them in favour of other routines.
 * Please consult the CODING GUIDELINES for more information.
 */

#include "asterisk.h"

ASTERISK_FILE_VERSION(__FILE__, "$Revision$")

#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

#ifdef HAVE_DEV_URANDOM
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#define AST_API_MODULE		/* ensure that inlinable API functions will be built in lock.h if required */
#include "asterisk/lock.h"
#include "asterisk/io.h"
#include "asterisk/logger.h"
#include "asterisk/md5.h"
#include "asterisk/sha1.h"
#include "asterisk/options.h"
#include "asterisk/cli.h"
#include "asterisk/linkedlists.h"

#define AST_API_MODULE		/* ensure that inlinable API functions will be built in this module if required */
#include "asterisk/strings.h"

#define AST_API_MODULE		/* ensure that inlinable API functions will be built in this module if required */
#include "asterisk/time.h"

#define AST_API_MODULE		/* ensure that inlinable API functions will be built in this module if required */
#include "asterisk/stringfields.h"

#define AST_API_MODULE		/* ensure that inlinable API functions will be built in this module if required */
#include "asterisk/utils.h"

#define AST_API_MODULE
#include "asterisk/threadstorage.h"

static char base64[64];
static char b2a[256];

AST_THREADSTORAGE(inet_ntoa_buf);

#if !defined(HAVE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R_5) && !defined(HAVE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R_6)

#define ERANGE 34	/*!< duh? ERANGE value copied from web... */
#undef gethostbyname

AST_MUTEX_DEFINE_STATIC(__mutex);

/*! \brief Reentrant replacement for gethostbyname for BSD-based systems.
\note This
routine is derived from code originally written and placed in the public 
domain by Enzo Michelangeli <em@em.no-ip.com> */

static int gethostbyname_r (const char *name, struct hostent *ret, char *buf,
				size_t buflen, struct hostent **result, 
				int *h_errnop) 
{
	int hsave;
	struct hostent *ph;
	ast_mutex_lock(&__mutex); /* begin critical area */
	hsave = h_errno;

	ph = gethostbyname(name);
	*h_errnop = h_errno; /* copy h_errno to *h_herrnop */
	if (ph == NULL) {
		*result = NULL;
	} else {
		char **p, **q;
		char *pbuf;
		int nbytes=0;
		int naddr=0, naliases=0;
		/* determine if we have enough space in buf */

		/* count how many addresses */
		for (p = ph->h_addr_list; *p != 0; p++) {
			nbytes += ph->h_length; /* addresses */
			nbytes += sizeof(*p); /* pointers */
			naddr++;
		}
		nbytes += sizeof(*p); /* one more for the terminating NULL */

		/* count how many aliases, and total length of strings */
		for (p = ph->h_aliases; *p != 0; p++) {
			nbytes += (strlen(*p)+1); /* aliases */
			nbytes += sizeof(*p);  /* pointers */
			naliases++;
		}
		nbytes += sizeof(*p); /* one more for the terminating NULL */

		/* here nbytes is the number of bytes required in buffer */
		/* as a terminator must be there, the minimum value is ph->h_length */
		if (nbytes > buflen) {
			*result = NULL;
			ast_mutex_unlock(&__mutex); /* end critical area */
			return ERANGE; /* not enough space in buf!! */
		}

		/* There is enough space. Now we need to do a deep copy! */
		/* Allocation in buffer:
			from [0] to [(naddr-1) * sizeof(*p)]:
			pointers to addresses
			at [naddr * sizeof(*p)]:
			NULL
			from [(naddr+1) * sizeof(*p)] to [(naddr+naliases) * sizeof(*p)] :
			pointers to aliases
			at [(naddr+naliases+1) * sizeof(*p)]:
			NULL
			then naddr addresses (fixed length), and naliases aliases (asciiz).
		*/

		*ret = *ph;   /* copy whole structure (not its address!) */

		/* copy addresses */
		q = (char **)buf; /* pointer to pointers area (type: char **) */
		ret->h_addr_list = q; /* update pointer to address list */
		pbuf = buf + ((naddr + naliases + 2) * sizeof(*p)); /* skip that area */
		for (p = ph->h_addr_list; *p != 0; p++) {
			memcpy(pbuf, *p, ph->h_length); /* copy address bytes */
			*q++ = pbuf; /* the pointer is the one inside buf... */
			pbuf += ph->h_length; /* advance pbuf */
		}
		*q++ = NULL; /* address list terminator */

		/* copy aliases */
		ret->h_aliases = q; /* update pointer to aliases list */
		for (p = ph->h_aliases; *p != 0; p++) {
			strcpy(pbuf, *p); /* copy alias strings */
			*q++ = pbuf; /* the pointer is the one inside buf... */
			pbuf += strlen(*p); /* advance pbuf */
			*pbuf++ = 0; /* string terminator */
		}
		*q++ = NULL; /* terminator */

		strcpy(pbuf, ph->h_name); /* copy alias strings */
		ret->h_name = pbuf;
		pbuf += strlen(ph->h_name); /* advance pbuf */
		*pbuf++ = 0; /* string terminator */

		*result = ret;  /* and let *result point to structure */

	}
	h_errno = hsave;  /* restore h_errno */
	ast_mutex_unlock(&__mutex); /* end critical area */

	return (*result == NULL); /* return 0 on success, non-zero on error */
}


#endif

/*! \brief Re-entrant (thread safe) version of gethostbyname that replaces the 
   standard gethostbyname (which is not thread safe)
*/
struct hostent *ast_gethostbyname(const char *host, struct ast_hostent *hp)
{
	int res;
	int herrno;
	int dots=0;
	const char *s;
	struct hostent *result = NULL;
	/* Although it is perfectly legitimate to lookup a pure integer, for
	   the sake of the sanity of people who like to name their peers as
	   integers, we break with tradition and refuse to look up a
	   pure integer */
	s = host;
	res = 0;
	while (s && *s) {
		if (*s == '.')
			dots++;
		else if (!isdigit(*s))
			break;
		s++;
	}
	if (!s || !*s) {
		/* Forge a reply for IP's to avoid octal IP's being interpreted as octal */
		if (dots != 3)
			return NULL;
		memset(hp, 0, sizeof(struct ast_hostent));
		hp->hp.h_addrtype = AF_INET;
		hp->hp.h_addr_list = (void *) hp->buf;
		hp->hp.h_addr = hp->buf + sizeof(void *);
		if (inet_pton(AF_INET, host, hp->hp.h_addr) > 0)
			return &hp->hp;
		return NULL;
		
	}
#ifdef HAVE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R_5
	result = gethostbyname_r(host, &hp->hp, hp->buf, sizeof(hp->buf), &herrno);

	if (!result || !hp->hp.h_addr_list || !hp->hp.h_addr_list[0])
		return NULL;
#else
	res = gethostbyname_r(host, &hp->hp, hp->buf, sizeof(hp->buf), &result, &herrno);

	if (res || !result || !hp->hp.h_addr_list || !hp->hp.h_addr_list[0])
		return NULL;
#endif
	return &hp->hp;
}



AST_MUTEX_DEFINE_STATIC(test_lock);
AST_MUTEX_DEFINE_STATIC(test_lock2);
static pthread_t test_thread; 
static int lock_count = 0;
static int test_errors = 0;

/*! \brief This is a regression test for recursive mutexes.
   test_for_thread_safety() will return 0 if recursive mutex locks are
   working properly, and non-zero if they are not working properly. */
static void *test_thread_body(void *data) 
{ 
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock);
	lock_count += 10;
	if (lock_count != 10) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock);
	lock_count += 10;
	if (lock_count != 20) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock2);
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock);
	lock_count -= 10;
	if (lock_count != 10) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock);
	lock_count -= 10;
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock2);
	if (lock_count != 0) 
		test_errors++;
	return NULL;
} 

int test_for_thread_safety(void)
{ 
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock2);
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock);
	lock_count += 1;
	ast_mutex_lock(&test_lock);
	lock_count += 1;
	ast_pthread_create(&test_thread, NULL, test_thread_body, NULL); 
	usleep(100);
	if (lock_count != 2) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock);
	lock_count -= 1;
	usleep(100); 
	if (lock_count != 1) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock);
	lock_count -= 1;
	if (lock_count != 0) 
		test_errors++;
	ast_mutex_unlock(&test_lock2);
	usleep(100);
	if (lock_count != 0) 
		test_errors++;
	pthread_join(test_thread, NULL);
	return(test_errors);          /* return 0 on success. */
}

/*! \brief Produce 32 char MD5 hash of value. */
void ast_md5_hash(char *output, char *input)
{
	struct MD5Context md5;
	unsigned char digest[16];
	char *ptr;
	int x;

	MD5Init(&md5);
	MD5Update(&md5, (unsigned char *)input, strlen(input));
	MD5Final(digest, &md5);
	ptr = output;
	for (x = 0; x < 16; x++)
		ptr += sprintf(ptr, "%2.2x", digest[x]);
}

/*! \brief Produce 40 char SHA1 hash of value. */
void ast_sha1_hash(char *output, char *input)
{
	struct SHA1Context sha;
	char *ptr;
	int x;
	uint8_t Message_Digest[20];

	SHA1Reset(&sha);
	
	SHA1Input(&sha, (const unsigned char *) input, strlen(input));

	SHA1Result(&sha, Message_Digest);
	ptr = output;
	for (x = 0; x < 20; x++)
		ptr += sprintf(ptr, "%2.2x", Message_Digest[x]);
}

/*! \brief decode BASE64 encoded text */
int ast_base64decode(unsigned char *dst, const char *src, int max)
{
	int cnt = 0;
	unsigned int byte = 0;
	unsigned int bits = 0;
	int incnt = 0;
	while (*src && (cnt < max)) {
		/* Shift in 6 bits of input */
		byte <<= 6;
		byte |= (b2a[(int)(*src)]) & 0x3f;
		bits += 6;
		src++;
		incnt++;
		/* If we have at least 8 bits left over, take that character 
		   off the top */
		if (bits >= 8)  {
			bits -= 8;
			*dst = (byte >> bits) & 0xff;
			dst++;
			cnt++;
		}
	}
	/* Dont worry about left over bits, they're extra anyway */
	return cnt;
}

/*! \brief encode text to BASE64 coding */
int ast_base64encode_full(char *dst, const unsigned char *src, int srclen, int max, int linebreaks)
{
	int cnt = 0;
	int col = 0;
	unsigned int byte = 0;
	int bits = 0;
	int cntin = 0;
	/* Reserve space for null byte at end of string */
	max--;
	while ((cntin < srclen) && (cnt < max)) {
		byte <<= 8;
		byte |= *(src++);
		bits += 8;
		cntin++;
		if ((bits == 24) && (cnt + 4 <= max)) {
			*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 18) & 0x3f];
			*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 12) & 0x3f];
			*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 6) & 0x3f];
			*dst++ = base64[byte & 0x3f];
			cnt += 4;
			col += 4;
			bits = 0;
			byte = 0;
		}
		if (linebreaks && (cnt < max) && (col == 64)) {
			*dst++ = '\n';
			cnt++;
			col = 0;
		}
	}
	if (bits && (cnt + 4 <= max)) {
		/* Add one last character for the remaining bits, 
		   padding the rest with 0 */
		byte <<= 24 - bits;
		*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 18) & 0x3f];
		*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 12) & 0x3f];
		if (bits == 16)
			*dst++ = base64[(byte >> 6) & 0x3f];
		else
			*dst++ = '=';
		*dst++ = '=';
		cnt += 4;
	}
	if (linebreaks && (cnt < max)) {
		*dst++ = '\n';
		cnt++;
	}
	*dst = '\0';
	return cnt;
}

int ast_base64encode(char *dst, const unsigned char *src, int srclen, int max)
{
	return ast_base64encode_full(dst, src, srclen, max, 0);
}

static void base64_init(void)
{
	int x;
	memset(b2a, -1, sizeof(b2a));
	/* Initialize base-64 Conversion table */
	for (x = 0; x < 26; x++) {
		/* A-Z */
		base64[x] = 'A' + x;
		b2a['A' + x] = x;
		/* a-z */
		base64[x + 26] = 'a' + x;
		b2a['a' + x] = x + 26;
		/* 0-9 */
		if (x < 10) {
			base64[x + 52] = '0' + x;
			b2a['0' + x] = x + 52;
		}
	}
	base64[62] = '+';
	base64[63] = '/';
	b2a[(int)'+'] = 62;
	b2a[(int)'/'] = 63;
}

/*! \brief  ast_uri_encode: Turn text string to URI-encoded %XX version
\note 	At this point, we're converting from ISO-8859-x (8-bit), not UTF8
	as in the SIP protocol spec 
	If doreserved == 1 we will convert reserved characters also.
	RFC 2396, section 2.4
	outbuf needs to have more memory allocated than the instring
	to have room for the expansion. Every char that is converted
	is replaced by three ASCII characters.

	Note: The doreserved option is needed for replaces header in
	SIP transfers.
*/
char *ast_uri_encode(const char *string, char *outbuf, int buflen, int doreserved) 
{
	char *reserved = ";/?:@&=+$, ";	/* Reserved chars */

 	const char *ptr  = string;	/* Start with the string */
	char *out = NULL;
	char *buf = NULL;

	ast_copy_string(outbuf, string, buflen);

	/* If there's no characters to convert, just go through and don't do anything */
	while (*ptr) {
		if (((unsigned char) *ptr) > 127 || (doreserved && strchr(reserved, *ptr)) ) {
			/* Oops, we need to start working here */
			if (!buf) {
				buf = outbuf;
				out = buf + (ptr - string) ;	/* Set output ptr */
			}
			out += sprintf(out, "%%%02x", (unsigned char) *ptr);
		} else if (buf) {
			*out = *ptr;	/* Continue copying the string */
			out++;
		} 
		ptr++;
	}
	if (buf)
		*out = '\0';
	return outbuf;
}

/*! \brief  ast_uri_decode: Decode SIP URI, URN, URL (overwrite the string)  */
void ast_uri_decode(char *s) 
{
	char *o;
	unsigned int tmp;

	for (o = s; *s; s++, o++) {
		if (*s == '%' && strlen(s) > 2 && sscanf(s + 1, "%2x", &tmp) == 1) {
			/* have '%', two chars and correct parsing */
			*o = tmp;
			s += 2;	/* Will be incremented once more when we break out */
		} else /* all other cases, just copy */
			*o = *s;
	}
	*o = '\0';
}

/*! \brief  ast_inet_ntoa: Recursive thread safe replacement of inet_ntoa */
const char *ast_inet_ntoa(struct in_addr ia)
{
	char *buf;

	if (!(buf = ast_threadstorage_get(&inet_ntoa_buf, INET_ADDRSTRLEN)))
		return "";

	return inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ia, buf, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);
}

#ifdef HAVE_DEV_URANDOM
static int dev_urandom_fd;
#endif

#ifndef __linux__
#undef pthread_create /* For ast_pthread_create function only */
#endif /* !__linux__ */

#if !defined(LOW_MEMORY)

#ifdef DEBUG_THREADS

/*! \brief A reasonable maximum number of locks a thread would be holding ... */
#define AST_MAX_LOCKS 16

/* Allow direct use of pthread_mutex_t and friends */
#undef pthread_mutex_t
#undef pthread_mutex_lock
#undef pthread_mutex_unlock
#undef pthread_mutex_init
#undef pthread_mutex_destroy

/*! 
 * \brief Keep track of which locks a thread holds 
 *
 * There is an instance of this struct for every active thread
 */
struct thr_lock_info {
	/*! The thread's ID */
	pthread_t thread_id;
	/*! The thread name which includes where the thread was started */
	const char *thread_name;
	/*! This is the actual container of info for what locks this thread holds */
	struct {
		const char *file;
		int line_num;
		const char *func;
		const char *lock_name;
		void *lock_addr;
		int times_locked;
		/*! This thread is waiting on this lock */
		unsigned int pending:1;
	} locks[AST_MAX_LOCKS];
	/*! This is the number of locks currently held by this thread.
	 *  The index (num_locks - 1) has the info on the last one in the
	 *  locks member */
	unsigned int num_locks;
	/*! Protects the contents of the locks member 
	 * Intentionally not ast_mutex_t */
	pthread_mutex_t lock;
	AST_LIST_ENTRY(thr_lock_info) entry;
};

/*! 
 * \brief Locked when accessing the lock_infos list 
 */
AST_MUTEX_DEFINE_STATIC(lock_infos_lock);
/*!
 * \brief A list of each thread's lock info 
 */
static AST_LIST_HEAD_NOLOCK_STATIC(lock_infos, thr_lock_info);

/*!
 * \brief Destroy a thread's lock info
 *
 * This gets called automatically when the thread stops
 */
static void lock_info_destroy(void *data)
{
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info = data;

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex);
	AST_LIST_REMOVE(&lock_infos, lock_info, entry);
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex);

	pthread_mutex_destroy(&lock_info->lock);
	free((void *) lock_info->thread_name);
	free(lock_info);
}

/*!
 * \brief The thread storage key for per-thread lock info
 */
AST_THREADSTORAGE_CUSTOM(thread_lock_info, NULL, lock_info_destroy);

void ast_store_lock_info(const char *filename, int line_num, 
	const char *func, const char *lock_name, void *lock_addr)
{
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info;
	int i;

	if (!(lock_info = ast_threadstorage_get(&thread_lock_info, sizeof(*lock_info))))
		return;

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_info->lock);

	for (i = 0; i < lock_info->num_locks; i++) {
		if (lock_info->locks[i].lock_addr == lock_addr) {
			lock_info->locks[i].times_locked++;
			pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
			return;
		}
	}

	if (lock_info->num_locks == AST_MAX_LOCKS) {
		/* Can't use ast_log here, because it will cause infinite recursion */
		fprintf(stderr, "XXX ERROR XXX A thread holds more locks than '%d'."
			"  Increase AST_MAX_LOCKS!\n", AST_MAX_LOCKS);
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
		return;
	}
	
	lock_info->locks[i].file = filename;
	lock_info->locks[i].line_num = line_num;
	lock_info->locks[i].func = func;
	lock_info->locks[i].lock_name = lock_name;
	lock_info->locks[i].lock_addr = lock_addr;
	lock_info->locks[i].times_locked = 1;
	lock_info->locks[i].pending = 1;
	lock_info->num_locks++;

	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
}

void ast_mark_lock_acquired(void)
{
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info;

	if (!(lock_info = ast_threadstorage_get(&thread_lock_info, sizeof(*lock_info))))
		return;

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_info->lock);
	lock_info->locks[lock_info->num_locks - 1].pending = 0;
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
}

void ast_remove_lock_info(void *lock_addr)
{
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info;
	int i = 0;

	if (!(lock_info = ast_threadstorage_get(&thread_lock_info, sizeof(*lock_info))))
		return;

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_info->lock);

	for (i = lock_info->num_locks - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		if (lock_info->locks[i].lock_addr == lock_addr)
			break;
	}

	if (i == -1) {
		/* Lock not found :( */
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
		return;
	}

	if (lock_info->locks[i].times_locked > 1) {
		lock_info->locks[i].times_locked--;
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
		return;
	}

	if (i < lock_info->num_locks - 1) {
		/* Not the last one ... *should* be rare! */
		memmove(&lock_info->locks[i], &lock_info->locks[i + 1], 
			(lock_info->num_locks - (i + 1)) * sizeof(lock_info->locks[0]));
	}

	lock_info->num_locks--;

	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
}

static char *handle_show_locks(struct ast_cli_entry *e, int cmd, struct ast_cli_args *a)
{
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info;

	switch (cmd) {
	case CLI_INIT:
		e->command = "core show locks";
		e->usage =
			"Usage: core show locks\n"
			"       This command is for lock debugging.  It prints out which locks\n"
			"are owned by each active thread.\n";
		return NULL;

	case CLI_GENERATE:
		return NULL;
	}

	ast_cli(a->fd, "\n" 
	               "=======================================================================\n"
	               "=== Currently Held Locks ==============================================\n"
	               "=======================================================================\n"
	               "===\n"
	               "=== <file> <line num> <function> <lock name> <lock addr> (times locked)\n"
	               "===\n");

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex);
	AST_LIST_TRAVERSE(&lock_infos, lock_info, entry) {
		int i;
		ast_cli(a->fd, "=== Thread ID: %d (%s)\n", (int) lock_info->thread_id,
			lock_info->thread_name);
		pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_info->lock);
		for (i = 0; i < lock_info->num_locks; i++) {
			ast_cli(a->fd, "=== ---> %sLock #%d: %s %d %s %s %p (%d)\n", 
				lock_info->locks[i].pending ? "Waiting for " : "", i,
				lock_info->locks[i].file, lock_info->locks[i].line_num,
				lock_info->locks[i].func, lock_info->locks[i].lock_name,
				lock_info->locks[i].lock_addr, 
				lock_info->locks[i].times_locked);
		}
		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_info->lock);
		ast_cli(a->fd, "=== -------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
		               "===\n");
	}
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex);

	ast_cli(a->fd, "=======================================================================\n"
	               "\n");

	return 0;
}

static struct ast_cli_entry utils_cli[] = {
	NEW_CLI(handle_show_locks, "Show which locks are held by which thread"),
};

#endif /* DEBUG_THREADS */

/*
 * support for 'show threads'. The start routine is wrapped by
 * dummy_start(), so that ast_register_thread() and
 * ast_unregister_thread() know the thread identifier.
 */
struct thr_arg {
	void *(*start_routine)(void *);
	void *data;
	char *name;
};

/*
 * on OS/X, pthread_cleanup_push() and pthread_cleanup_pop()
 * are odd macros which start and end a block, so they _must_ be
 * used in pairs (the latter with a '1' argument to call the
 * handler on exit.
 * On BSD we don't need this, but we keep it for compatibility.
 */
static void *dummy_start(void *data)
{
	void *ret;
	struct thr_arg a = *((struct thr_arg *) data);	/* make a local copy */
#ifdef DEBUG_THREADS
	struct thr_lock_info *lock_info;
#endif

	/* note that even though data->name is a pointer to allocated memory,
	   we are not freeing it here because ast_register_thread is going to
	   keep a copy of the pointer and then ast_unregister_thread will
	   free the memory
	*/
	ast_free(data);
	ast_register_thread(a.name);
	pthread_cleanup_push(ast_unregister_thread, (void *) pthread_self());

#ifdef DEBUG_THREADS
	if (!(lock_info = ast_threadstorage_get(&thread_lock_info, sizeof(*lock_info))))
		return NULL;

	lock_info->thread_id = pthread_self();
	lock_info->thread_name = strdup(a.name);
	pthread_mutex_init(&lock_info->lock, NULL);

	pthread_mutex_lock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex); /* Intentionally not the wrapper */
	AST_LIST_INSERT_TAIL(&lock_infos, lock_info, entry);
	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock_infos_lock.mutex); /* Intentionally not the wrapper */
#endif /* DEBUG_THREADS */

	ret = a.start_routine(a.data);

	pthread_cleanup_pop(1);

	return ret;
}

#endif /* !LOW_MEMORY */

int ast_pthread_create_stack(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *),
			     void *data, size_t stacksize, const char *file, const char *caller,
			     int line, const char *start_fn)
{
#if !defined(LOW_MEMORY)
	struct thr_arg *a;
#endif

	if (!attr) {
		attr = alloca(sizeof(*attr));
		pthread_attr_init(attr);
	}

#ifdef __linux__
	/* On Linux, pthread_attr_init() defaults to PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED,
	   which is kind of useless. Change this here to
	   PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED; that way the -p option to set realtime
	   priority will propagate down to new threads by default.
	   This does mean that callers cannot set a different priority using
	   PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED in the attr argument; instead they must set
	   the priority afterwards with pthread_setschedparam(). */
	if ((errno = pthread_attr_setinheritsched(attr, PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED)))
		ast_log(LOG_WARNING, "pthread_attr_setinheritsched: %s\n", strerror(errno));
#endif

	if (!stacksize)
		stacksize = AST_STACKSIZE;

	if ((errno = pthread_attr_setstacksize(attr, stacksize ? stacksize : AST_STACKSIZE)))
		ast_log(LOG_WARNING, "pthread_attr_setstacksize: %s\n", strerror(errno));

#if !defined(LOW_MEMORY)
	if ((a = ast_malloc(sizeof(*a)))) {
		a->start_routine = start_routine;
		a->data = data;
		start_routine = dummy_start;
		asprintf(&a->name, "%-20s started at [%5d] %s %s()",
			 start_fn, line, file, caller);
		data = a;
	}
#endif /* !LOW_MEMORY */

	return pthread_create(thread, attr, start_routine, data); /* We're in ast_pthread_create, so it's okay */
}


int ast_pthread_create_detached_stack(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *),
			     void *data, size_t stacksize, const char *file, const char *caller,
			     int line, const char *start_fn)
{
	unsigned char attr_destroy = 0;
	int res;

	if (!attr) {
		attr = alloca(sizeof(*attr));
		pthread_attr_init(attr);
		attr_destroy = 1;
	}

	if ((errno = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)))
		ast_log(LOG_WARNING, "pthread_attr_setdetachstate: %s\n", strerror(errno));

	res = ast_pthread_create_stack(thread, attr, start_routine, data, 
	                               stacksize, file, caller, line, start_fn);

	if (attr_destroy)
		pthread_attr_destroy(attr);

	return res;
}

int ast_wait_for_input(int fd, int ms)
{
	struct pollfd pfd[1];
	memset(pfd, 0, sizeof(pfd));
	pfd[0].fd = fd;
	pfd[0].events = POLLIN|POLLPRI;
	return poll(pfd, 1, ms);
}

/*!
 * Try to write string, but wait no more than ms milliseconds before timing out.
 *
 * \note The code assumes that the file descriptor has NONBLOCK set,
 * so there is only one system call made to do a write, unless we actually
 * have a need to wait.  This way, we get better performance.
 * If the descriptor is blocking, all assumptions on the guaranteed
 * detail do not apply anymore.
 * Also note that in the current implementation, the delay is per-write,
 * so you still have no guarantees, anyways.
 * Fortunately the routine is only used in a few places (cli.c, manager.c,
 * res_agi.c) so it is reasonably easy to check how it behaves there.
 *
 * XXX We either need to fix the code, or fix the documentation.
 */
int ast_carefulwrite(int fd, char *s, int len, int timeoutms) 
{
	/* Try to write string, but wait no more than ms milliseconds
	   before timing out */
	int res = 0;
	struct pollfd fds[1];
	while (len) {
		res = write(fd, s, len);
		if ((res < 0) && (errno != EAGAIN)) {
			return -1;
		}
		if (res < 0)
			res = 0;
		len -= res;
		s += res;
		res = 0;
		if (len) {
			fds[0].fd = fd;
			fds[0].events = POLLOUT;
			/* Wait until writable again */
			res = poll(fds, 1, timeoutms);
			if (res < 1)
				return -1;
		}
	}
	return res;
}

char *ast_strip_quoted(char *s, const char *beg_quotes, const char *end_quotes)
{
	char *e;
	char *q;

	s = ast_strip(s);
	if ((q = strchr(beg_quotes, *s)) && *q != '\0') {
		e = s + strlen(s) - 1;
		if (*e == *(end_quotes + (q - beg_quotes))) {
			s++;
			*e = '\0';
		}
	}

	return s;
}

char *ast_unescape_semicolon(char *s)
{
	char *e;
	char *work = s;

	while ((e = strchr(work, ';'))) {
		if ((e > work) && (*(e-1) == '\\')) {
			memmove(e - 1, e, strlen(e) + 1);
			work = e;
		}
	}

	return s;
}

int ast_build_string_va(char **buffer, size_t *space, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int result;

	if (!buffer || !*buffer || !space || !*space)
		return -1;

	result = vsnprintf(*buffer, *space, fmt, ap);

	if (result < 0)
		return -1;
	else if (result > *space)
		result = *space;

	*buffer += result;
	*space -= result;
	return 0;
}

int ast_build_string(char **buffer, size_t *space, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;
	int result;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	result = ast_build_string_va(buffer, space, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	return result;
}

int ast_true(const char *s)
{
	if (ast_strlen_zero(s))
		return 0;

	/* Determine if this is a true value */
	if (!strcasecmp(s, "yes") ||
	    !strcasecmp(s, "true") ||
	    !strcasecmp(s, "y") ||
	    !strcasecmp(s, "t") ||
	    !strcasecmp(s, "1") ||
	    !strcasecmp(s, "on"))
		return -1;

	return 0;
}