manager: Restore Originate failure behavior from Asterisk 11

In Asterisk 11, if the 'Originate' AMI command failed to connect the provided
Channel while in extension mode, a 'failed' extension would be looked up and
run. This was, I believe, unintentionally removed in 51b6c496. This patch
restores that behavior.

This also adds an enum for the various 'synchronous' modes in an attempt to
make them meaningful.

ASTERISK-26115 #close
Reported by: Nasir Iqbal

Change-Id: I8afbd06725e99610e02adb529137d4800c05345d