general: Fix memory Corruption in __ast_string_field_ptr_build_va.

If the space left in a stringfield is between 0 and
(alignof(ast_string_field_allocation)-1) adding new data would cause
memory corruption, because we would assume enough space (unsigned
underrun).

Thanks Arnd Schmitter for reporting and finding out the cause!

ASTERISK-23508 #close
Reported by: Arnd Schmitter
Tested by: Arnd Schmitter, JoshE

Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/3898/
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Merged revisions 420680 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/1.8
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Merged revisions 420715 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/11
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Merged revisions 420716 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/12
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Merged revisions 420717 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/13


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@420718 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3