Improved and portable ast_log recursion avoidance

This introduces a new logger routine ast_log_safe.  This routine should be
used for all error messages in code that can be run as a result of ast_log.
ast_log_safe does nothing if run recursively.  All error logging in
astobj2.c, strings.c and utils.h have been switched to ast_log_safe.

This required adding support for raw threadstorage.  This provides direct
access to the void* pointer in threadstorage.  In ast_log_safe, NULL is used
to signify that this thread is not already running ast_log_safe, (void*)1 when
it is already running.  This was done since it's critical that ast_log_safe
do nothing that could log during recursion checking.

ASTERISK-24155 #close
Reported by: Timo Teräs
Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/4502/
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Merged revisions 433522 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/11
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Merged revisions 433523 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/13


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@433524 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3