use string fields for some stuff in ast_channel

const-ify some more APIs
remove 'type' field from ast_channel, in favor of the one in the channel's tech structure
allow string field module users to specify the 'chunk size' for pool allocations
update chan_alsa to be compatible with recent const-ification patches


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@9060 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3