CallerID: Fix parsing of malformed callerid

This allows the callerid parsing function to handle malformed input
strings and strings containing escaped and unescaped double quotes.
This also adds a unittest to cover many of the cases where the parsing
algorithm previously failed.

Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/3923/
Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/3933/
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Merged revisions 422112 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/1.8
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Merged revisions 422113 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/11
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Merged revisions 422114 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/12
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Merged revisions 422154 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/13


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@422158 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3