chan_sip: Fix handling of "From" headers longer than 256 characters

From headers were processed using a 256 character buffer on the stack.
This change replaces that with a heap allocation by ast_strdup.

ASTERISK-23790 #close
Reported by: uniken1
Tested by: uniken1
Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/3669/
Patches:
    chan_sip-large-from-header-1.8-r3.patch uploaded by wdoekes (license 5674)
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Merged revisions 417248 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/1.8
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Merged revisions 417249 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/11
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Merged revisions 417250 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/12


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@417251 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3