Fix some potential misuses of ast_str in the code.

Passing an ast_str pointer by value that then calls
ast_str_set(), ast_str_set_va(), ast_str_append(), or
ast_str_append_va() can result in the pointer originally
passed by value being invalidated if the ast_str had
to be reallocated.

This fixes places in the code that do this. Only the
example in ccss.c could result in pointer invalidation
though since the other cases use a stack-allocated ast_str
and cannot be reallocated.

I've also updated the doxygen in strings.h to include
notes about potential misuse of the functions mentioned
previously.

Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/2161
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Merged revisions 375025 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/1.8
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Merged revisions 375026 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/10
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Merged revisions 375027 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/11


git-svn-id: https://origsvn.digium.com/svn/asterisk/trunk@375044 65c4cc65-6c06-0410-ace0-fbb531ad65f3